Shield Of Liberty: Defensive Gun Use Statistics

In the complex landscape of American public safety, the debate over firearms often revolves around the tragic tally of lives lost. However, a comprehensive analysis of federal mortality data contrasted with expansive defensive utility surveys suggests that the narrative of “gun violence” is incomplete without acknowledging the overwhelming frequency of guns saving lives.

While the United States records significant annual firearm-related fatalities, the defensive application of firearms by law-abiding citizens, as highlighted in the Defensive Gun Use Statistics, serves as a massive counterweight that preserves the right to self-preservation and deters criminal predation. In fact, recent research shows that Defensive Gun Use Statistics indicate that firearms are used defensively over 1.6 million times annually, emphasizing their importance in public safety.

Deconstructing Mortality: Suicide, Homicide, and Accidental Risk

To understand the balance of firearm utility, one must first accurately categorize the roughly 44,000 to 47,000 annual gun deaths in the United States. In 2023, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recorded 46,728 gun-related deaths. However, this total is not a monolith of criminal violence.

The Intent Behind the Numbers

Statistical breakdowns reveal that suicides consistently account for the majority of these fatalities, reaching an all-time high of 27,300 (approximately 58.4%) in 2023. By 2024, preliminary data indicated that while overall gun deaths fell to approximately 44,400, suicides rose to nearly 27,600 (roughly 62% of the total), even as firearm homicides dropped by 14% to approximately 15,000.

Furthermore, accidental firearm deaths, which are often a central point of public concern, remain statistically rare, accounting for only 463 deaths (about 1%) in 2023. When placed in the broader context of preventable mortality, firearms represent a minor portion of accidental risk compared to drug overdoses, which claimed 105,007 lives in 2023, or motor vehicle accidents, which resulted in 43,273 fatalities. In 2024, the age-adjusted rate of all gun-related deaths was 13.0 per 100,000 people, comparable to the 12.3 per 100,000 for motor vehicle accidents.

Infographic – Defensive Gun Use Statistics

In a landscape often dominated by incomplete narratives, understanding the true impact of the Second Amendment requires a rigorous, data-driven perspective. This infographic bridges the gap between headline figures and statistical reality by weighing the tragic costs of criminal misuse against the massive, often silent volume of defensive gun uses by law-abiding citizens.

By isolating criminal homicides from the broader category of “gun deaths” and visualizing the scale of lives protected through deterrence, we uncover a profound disparity: for every instance of predation, there are many more instances of preservation.

Explore the numbers behind the “Shield of Liberty” to see how an armed and responsible populace serves as America’s most effective insurance policy for public safety.

It is essential to integrate the Defensive Gun Use Statistics into the broader conversation about firearms to accurately reflect their contributions to public safety.

The Magnitude of Defensive Gun Use (DGU)

The most significant factor often omitted from the public discourse is the scale of defensive gun use (DGU). Because a successful defensive intervention often involves no shots being fired and no injuries occurring, these events are frequently omitted from media reports and law enforcement databases.

The 1.67 Million Life-Saving Events

The 2021 National Firearms Survey, conducted by William English of Georgetown University, utilized a massive sample of over 54,000 respondents to provide the most comprehensive assessment of ownership to date. The findings indicate that approximately 31.1% of gun owners have used a firearm defensively, translating to roughly 1.67 million defensive incidents per year.

This means that for every criminal gun homicide (17,927 in 2023), there are approximately 93 instances of defensive utility. Critically, in 81.9% of these defensive encounters, no shot was fired; the mere presence of a firearm in the hands of a law-abiding citizen was sufficient to terminate the threat. Researchers note that Americans are between 4.8 and 5 times more likely to use a firearm in self-defense than to be murdered by one.[1, 2]

Methodology and The “Victimization” Gap

Higher estimates of DGU, such as the 2.5 million annual uses identified by Gary Kleck and Marc Gertz in 1995, are often contested by those using the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). However, critics of the NCVS point out that it only asks about self-defense if a respondent first identifies as a victim of a crime. Many individuals who successfully deter an intruder or attacker do not view themselves as “victims” and thus never reach the DGU questions. Furthermore, private surveys like those conducted by English directly ask about gun use, capturing incidents involving trespassing or commercial crimes that the NCVS often misses.[3, 4]

The Civilian as First Responder: Active Shooter Realities

While the FBI’s public reporting often minimizes the role of armed citizens, independent analysis suggests they are a vital component of public safety. Between 2014 and 2021, the FBI claimed only 4.4% of active shooters were thwarted by armed citizens.[5, 6, 7] However, an investigation by the Crime Prevention Research Center (CPRC) identified massive reporting errors, such as misclassifying armed civilians as “security guards”, and concluded that armed citizens actually thwarted 34.4% of those incidents.

In locations where citizens were legally permitted to carry (excluding “gun-free zones”) armed citizens stopped a staggering 51.5% of active shooters. The data further shows that concealed carry permit holders are remarkably safe; in 180 analyzed cases of intervention, there was only one instance of a permit holder accidentally shooting a bystander.

Deterrence and the Criminal Psychology of Self-Preservation

The efficacy of firearms extends beyond active intervention to proactive deterrence. Criminologist John Lott’s “More Guns, Less Crime” thesis posits that when more law-abiding citizens are armed, the risk to criminals increases exponentially. This creates a “minefield effect” where the criminal cannot know which potential victim can offer lethal resistance.

Surveys of convicted felons consistently show that 56% would not attack a victim they suspected was armed. This deterrence leads to a “substitution effect” where criminals shift away from “contact crimes” like robbery and rape toward non-violent property crimes. Lott’s analysis suggests that states adopting “shall-issue” concealed carry laws realize a net social gain of approximately $6.2 billion by reducing the burden of violent crime on society.

The Second Amendment as an Individual and Universal Right

The Second Amendment is increasingly recognized as a vital safeguard for a diverse cross-section of Americans. No longer the sole domain of a single demographic, gun ownership has surged among women and minorities who view firearms as “the great equalizer”.

• Women: Ownership among women rose from 13% to 25% over the last 20 years. Women made up 29.1% of permit holders in 14 reporting states by 2024.
• Minorities: Between 2015 and 2025, the number of Asian Americans with carry permits increased 277.8% faster than whites, while Black Americans saw a growth rate 321% faster than whites in reporting states.
• Legal Foundations: The Supreme Court’s decisions in District of Columbia v. Heller (2008) and NYSRPA v. Bruen (2022) solidified the right to bear arms as an individual right for self-defense. Bruen established that modern gun laws must be consistent with the “Nation’s historical tradition of firearm regulation,” shifting the burden to the government to justify restrictions.

The Instrumentality of Defense: Why the Tool Matters

A critical philosophical component of the DGU debate is the “instrumentality” of the weapon. For many defenders, particularly those facing multiple assailants (a factor in 51.2% of DGUs), the type of firearm is essential. Approximately 30.2% of gun owners, about 24.6 million people, own an AR-15 or similar rifle. These tools are often chosen for their accuracy, capacity to deal with multiple threats, and ease of use for individuals who may lack the physical strength of their attackers.

Conclusion: The Unavoidable Cost of Liberty

A common philosophical objection to the Second Amendment is the existence of “undesired” deaths; accidents, suicides, and criminal misuse. However, in a free society, the right to the tools of self-preservation is viewed as an “unavoidable cost of liberty”. Rights in the United States are not based on perceived “need” but on fundamental protections of individual agency; the alternative, a state monopoly on force, often leads to greater victimization when law enforcement (which constitutes less than 0.1% of the population) cannot respond in time.

The data remains clear: while 17,927 lives were taken by criminals in 2023 (with a projected 15,000 in 2024), firearms are used defensively by law-abiding citizens over 1.6 million times annually. The silent victories of the brandished handgun, the thwarted robbery, and the deterred attacker represent a massive, statistically overwhelming contribution to American safety. By preserving the Second Amendment, the nation ensures that law-abiding citizens remain the primary guardians of their own lives, creating a societal balance where the number of lives saved is incredibly higher than the number taken by those who operate outside the law.

Reference List

1. CDC WONDER (Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research) * Coincides with: The “Death Breakdown” (Suicide vs. Homicide).
   • Data Point: Confirms that 58%–62% of annual gun-related deaths are suicides, while criminal homicides fluctuate between 15,000 and 19,000 based on the 2023–2024 provisional reporting cycle.
2. FBI Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program * Coincides with: The “Ownership Paradox” and “Homicide Scale.”
   • Data Point: Tracks the 14% decline in criminal gun homicides (2023–2024) and provides the historical context for the downward trend in violent crime since the 1993 peak.
3. 2021 National Firearms Survey (Georgetown University) * Coincides with: The 1.67 Million DGU figure and the 82%–92% “No Shot Fired” statistic.
   • Data Point: Conducted by Dr. William English, this is the largest contemporary survey of its kind ($N=16,703$), establishing the most cited current estimate for how often law-abiding citizens use firearms for defense.
4. Crime Prevention Research Center (CPRC) * Coincides with: The “Thwarting Active Shooters” and “Equalizer” sections.
   • Data Point: Research led by Dr. John Lott documenting that armed citizens thwart over 50% of active shootings in locations where they are not legally prohibited from carrying.
5. Journal of Quantitative Criminology / SSRN Analysis * Coincides with: The “Lives Saved” estimate and “Instrumentality Effects.”
   • Data Point: Analyzes the 400,000 annual cases where defenders specifically believed they would have died without a firearm, popularized by the Kleck/Gertz “Armed Resistance to Crime” methodology.
6. The Trace & Gun Violence Archive (GVA) * Coincides with: The 2024–2025 “Criminal Misuse” reconciliation.
   • Data Point: Used to cross-reference real-time police reporting to verify the floor of approximately 15,000 criminal gun homicides for the current calendar year.